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New World Bank Report Finds People with Disabilities among the Most Excluded in Indian Society

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Disabled adults have far lower employment rates than others – reduced from 43 % in 1991 to 38% in 2002

A new World Bank report finds people with disabilities among the most excluded in Indian society  
 

 Low literacy and employment rates and widespread social stigma are leaving disabled people behind. With better education and more access to jobs, India's 40 to 90 million disabled people will generate higher growth which will benefit the country as a whole.

The report entitled People with Disabilities in India: From Commitments to Outcomes, says that as the country makes economic progress, the incidence of communicable disease-induced disabilities such as polio are likely to fall, whereas age and lifestyle-related disabilities and those due to traffic accidents are expected to rise sharply. For example, internationally, the lowest reported disability rates are in sub-Saharan
Africa
while the highest are in the Organization for Economic Development (OECD) countries. The report therefore highlights the need for a multi-faceted approach so that disabled people realize their full individual potential and maximize their social and economic contribution to society.  

The report finds that people with disabilities are subject to multiple deprivations.  Households with disabled members are significantly poorer than average, with lower consumption and fewer assets.  Children living with disability are around 4 to 5 times less likely to be in school than Scheduled Tribe and Scheduled Caste children.  Disabled adults also have far lower employment rates than the general population – and this fell from 43 % in 1991 to 38% in 2002, even in the midst of economic growth.

 

Social attitudes and stigma play an important role in limiting the opportunities of disabled people for full participation in social and economic life, often even within their own families. For example, in surveys carried out for the report, around 50 percent of households saw the cause of disability as a “curse of God”. Women with disabilities face numerous additional challenges. 

           

  “India has an impressive set of policy commitments to its citizens with disabilities”, said Isabel Guerrero, World Bank Country Director for India. “The challenge facing Indian society now is to translate those commitments into better lives for disabled people.  This includes identifying disabilities in young children, getting more disabled children into school and preparing them for the workplace and family life, and most importantly working to reduce the social stigma which disabled people face”.

 

Despite the many challenges, concerted efforts by the Government, civil society, the private sector, and disabled people themselves, the untapped potential of this large group of citizens can be released for their own benefit as well as for society at large. 

 

“Increasing the status and social and economic participation of people with disabilities would have positive effects on everyone, not just disabled people” said Philip O’Keefe, Lead Social Protection Specialist and main author of the report“A simple example is increasing accessibility of public transport and buildings for disabled people – a measure which would benefit a wide range of people including the elderly, pregnant women and children.  More broadly, people with disabilities who are better educated and more economically active will generate higher growth in which everyone will share,” he added. 

 

India’s implementation capacity is generally weak in a number of areas of service delivery which are most critical to improving the situation of disabled people. It is thus not realistic to expect that all the actions needed by many public and non-public actors can be taken all at once.  The report highlights the need for prioritization of the most critical interventions to maximize the benefit for people living with disability:

 

(i)                  Preventive care - both for mothers through nutritional interventions, and infants through nutrition and basic immunization coverage

(ii)                Identifying people with disabilities as soon as possible after onset - the system needs major improvements in this most basic function

(iii)               Major improvements in early intervention, which can cost-effectively transform the lives of disabled people, their families, and the communities they live and work in

(iv)              Getting all children with special needs into school and giving them the skills to participate fully in family and economic life

(v)                Expanding the under-developed efforts to improve societal attitudes to people with disabilities, relying on public-private partnerships that build on successful models already operating in India.

 

The study points out that it is neither possible nor desirable for the public sector to “do it all”. Instead, partnerships with NGOs, civil society, and the private sector are critical to achieve effective and lasting results.  The key step in such partnerships is brining disabled people themselves into the policymaking process along with public and non-governmental institutions. 

 

Some other findings of the report:

• There are substantial differences in socio-economic outcomes, social stigma, and access to services by disability type, with those with mental illness and mental retardation in a particularly poor position.  There are also major urban/rural differences in outcomes, Gender, class and regional variations are also significant in many cases

• Estimates vary, there is growing evidence that people with disabilities comprise between 4 and 8 percent of the Indian population (around 40-90 million individuals)

• Between 1990 and 2020, there is predicted to be a halving of disability due to communicable diseases, a doubling of disability due to injuries/accidents, and a more than 40 percent increase in the share of disability due to non-communicable diseases

• Disabled people have much lower educational attainment rates, with 52 percent illiteracy against a 35 percent average for the general population.

• Illiteracy is high among children across all categories, in even the best performing major states, a significant share of out of school children are those with disabilities - Kerala, 27 percent, in Tamil Nadu over 33 percent 

• Private sector employment incentives for hiring disabled people are few and piecemeal. In the late 1990s, employment of People with Disability (PWD) among large private firms was only 0.3 percent of their workforce.  Among multinational companies, the situation was far worse, with only 0.05 percent being PWD

• In early 2006, a National Policy on Persons with Disabilities was approved by Government of India.   To date, the only states that have draft disability policies are Chhattisgarh and Karnataka.  The Chhattisgarh draft state disability policy can be considered “best practice”, and could provide a model for future national and state-level policy development.


Contact : in New Delhi
Kiran Negi -
knegi@worldbank.org
 

 ( Courtesy: http://www.worldbank.org.in )







 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

To access the full report, visit http://www.worldbank.org/in

 
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