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Common blood tests and values
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Blood tests show whether the levels of different
substances in your blood fall within a normal range.
For many blood substances, the normal range is
the range of levels seen in 95 percent of healthy people in a
certain group. For many tests, normal ranges are different depending on your
age, gender, race, and other factors.
Many factors can cause your blood test levels to
fall outside the normal range. Abnormal levels may be a sign of a disorder or
disease. Other factors—such as diet, menstrual cycle, how much physical activity
you do, how much alcohol you drink, and the medicines you take (both
prescription and over-the-counter)—also can cause abnormal levels.
Your doctor should discuss any unusual or
abnormal blood test results with you. These results may or may not suggest a
health problem.
Blood tests alone can't be used to diagnose many
diseases or medical problems. However, blood tests can help you and your doctor
learn more about your health. Blood tests also can help find potential problems
early, when treatments or lifestyle changes may work best.
To get accurate readings, be sure to follow your
doctor’s instructions in preparing for tests. You may, for example, be asked not
to eat and to drink only water for anywhere from a few hours to 12 hours
beforehand. Please follow these instructions, or your results may be skewed,
requiring additional tests or even unnecessary medications
Blood tests, sometimes called blood panels, are
one of a physician’s most basic tools. Not that long ago, doctors diagnosed
patients through observation and the patients’ answers to questions. Today, we
have a wide range of testing options to choose from, with blood tests being
among the most basic.
Blood tests allow a doctor to see a detailed
analysis of the nutrients and waste products in your body as well as how various
organs (e.g., kidneys and liver) are functioning. Below, I’ve explained some of
the commonly measured indicators of health.
During a physical examination, your doctor will
often draw blood for chemistry and complete blood count (CBC) tests as well as a
lipid profile, which measures cholesterol and related elements. Here is a brief
explanation of the abbreviations used in measurements followed by descriptions
of several common test components.
Deciphering Blood Test Measurements
Blood tests use the metric measurement system
and abbreviations such as the following:
| • |
cmm |
cells per cubic millimeter |
| • |
fL (femtoliter) |
fraction of one-millionth
of a liter |
| • |
g/dL |
grams per deciliter |
| • |
IU/L |
international units per
liter |
| • |
mEq/L |
milliequivalent per liter |
| • |
mg/dL |
milligrams per deciliter |
| • |
mL |
milliliter |
| • |
mmol/L |
millimoles per liter |
| • |
ng/mL |
nanograms per milliliter |
| • |
pg (picograms) |
one-trillionth of a gram |
CHEMISTRY PANEL (or METABOLIC
PANEL)
ALT (alanine aminotransferase):
Healthy range: 8 to 37 IU/L
This test looks at levels of the liver enzyme
ALT. When all’s well with your liver, your score on this test should be within
range. Anything higher may indicate liver damage.
Albumin:
Healthy range: 3.9 to 5.0 g/dL
A protein made by the liver, albumin levels can
be an indicator of liver or kidney problems.
A/G ratio (albumin/globulin ratio) or
total protein test:
Healthy ratio: a bit over 1, favoring albumin
There are two types of protein your blood —
albumin (see above) and globulin. The A/G ratio test compares levels of these
proteins with one another. Elevated protein levels could indicate a health
condition in need of attention.
Alkaline phosphatase:
Healthy range: 44 to 147 IU/L
This enzyme is involved in both liver and bone,
so elevations may indicate problems with the liver or bone-related disease.
AST (aspartate aminotransferase):
Healthy range: 10 to 34 IU/L
This enzyme is found in heart and liver tissue,
so elevations suggest problems may be occurring in one or both of those areas.
Bilirubin:
Healthy range: 0.1 to 1.9 mg/dL
This provides information about liver and kidney
functions, problems in bile ducts, and anemia.
BUN (blood urea nitrogen):
Healthy range: 10 to 20 mg/dL
This is another measure of kidney and liver
functions. High values may indicate a problem with kidney function. A number of
medications and a diet high in protein can also raise BUN levels.
BUN/creatinine ratio:
Healthy ratio of BUN to creatinine: 10:1 to 20:1
(men and older individuals may be a bit higher)
This test shows if kidneys are eliminating waste
properly. High levels of creatinine, a by-product of muscle contractions, are
excreted through the kidneys and suggest reduced kidney function.
Calcium:
Healthy range: 9.0 to 10.5 mg/dL (the elderly
typically score a bit lower)
Too much calcium in the bloodstream could
indicate kidney problems; overly active thyroid or parathyroid glands; certain
types of cancer, including lymphoma; problems with the pancreas; or a deficiency
of vitamin D.
Chloride:
Healthy range: 98 to 106 mEq/L
This mineral is often measured as part of an
electrolyte panel. A high-salt diet and/or certain medications are often
responsible for elevations in chloride. Excess chloride may indicate an overly
acidic environment in the body. It also could be a red flag for dehydration,
multiple myeloma, kidney disorders, or adrenal gland dysfunction.
Creatinine:
Healthy range: 0.5 to 1.1 mg/dL for women; 0.6
to 1.2 mg/dL for men (the elderly may be slightly lower)
The kidneys process this waste product, so
elevations could indicate a problem with kidney function.
Fasting glucose (blood sugar):
Healthy range: 70 to 99 mg/dL for the average
adult (the elderly tend to score higher even when they are healthy)
Blood sugar levels can be affected by food or
beverages you have ingested recently, your current stress levels, medications
you may be taking, and the time of day. The fasting blood sugar test is done
after at least 6 hours without food or drink other than water.
Phosphorus:
Healthy range: 2.4 to 4.1 mg/dL
Phosphorus plays an important role in bone
health and is related to calcium levels. Too much phosphorus could indicate a
problem with kidneys or the parathyroid gland. Alcohol abuse, long-term antacid
use, excessive intake of diuretics or vitamin D, and malnutrition can also
elevate phosphorus levels.
Potassium:
Healthy range: 3.7 to 5.2 mEq/L
This mineral is essential for relaying nerve
impulses, maintaining proper muscle functions, and regulating heartbeats.
Diuretics, drugs that are often taken for high blood pressure, can cause low
levels of potassium.
Sodium:
Healthy range: 135 to 145 mEq/L
Another member of the electrolyte family, the
mineral sodium helps your body balance water levels and helps with nerve
impulses and muscle contractions. Irregularities in sodium levels may indicate
dehydration; disorders of the adrenal glands; excessive intake of salt,
corticosteroids, or pain-relieving medications; or problems with the liver or
kidneys.
( Courtesy:
http://www.newportnaturalhealth.com/ )
--------------------
Result Ranges for Common Blood
Tests
This section presents the result ranges for some
of the most common blood tests.
NOTE: All values in this section are for adults
only. They don't apply to children. Talk to your child's doctor about values on
blood tests for children.
Complete Blood Count ( CBC)
The table below shows some normal ranges for
different parts of the complete blood count (CBC). Some of the normal ranges are
different for men and women. Other factors, such as age and race, also may
affect normal ranges.
Your doctor should discuss your results with
you. He or she will advise you further if your results are outside the normal
range for your group.
|
Test |
Normal Range Results* |
| Red blood cell
(varies with altitude) |
Male: 5 to 6
million cells/mcL
Female: 4 to 5
million cells/mcL |
|
White blood cell |
4,500 to
10,000 cells/mcL |
|
Platelets |
140,000 to
450,000 cells/mcL |
| Hemoglobin
(varies with altitude) |
Male: 14 to 17
gm/dL
Female: 12 to 15 gm/dL
|
| Hematocrit
(varies with altitude) |
Male: 41% to
50%
Female: 36% to 44% |
|
Mean corpuscular volume |
80 to 95
femtoliter |
* Cells/mcL = cells per microliter; gm/dL =
grams per deciliter
Blood Glucose
This table shows the ranges for blood glucose
levels after 8 to 12 hours of fasting (not eating). It shows the normal range
and the abnormal ranges that are a sign of prediabetes or diabetes.
|
Plasma Glucose Results
(mg/dL)* |
Diagnosis |
| 99 and below
|
Normal |
| 100 to 125
|
Prediabetes |
| 126 and above
|
Diabetes† |
* mg/dL = milligrams per deciliter.
† The test is repeated on another day to confirm the results.
Lipoprotein Panel
The table below shows ranges for total
cholesterol, LDL ("bad") cholesterol, and HDL ("good") cholesterol levels after
9 to 12 hours of fasting.
High
blood cholesterol is a risk factor for
coronary heart disease.
Your doctor should discuss your results with
you. He or she will advise you further if your results are outside the desirable
range.
|
Total Cholesterol Level |
Total Cholesterol
Category |
|
Less than 200 mg/dL |
Desirable
|
|
200–239 mg/dL |
Borderline
high |
|
240 mg/dL and above |
High
|
|
LDL Cholesterol Level |
LDL Cholesterol Category |
|
Less than 100 mg/dL |
Optimal
|
|
100–129 mg/dL |
Near
optimal/above optimal |
|
130–159 mg/dL |
Borderline
high |
|
160–189 mg/dL |
High
|
|
190 mg/dL and above |
Very high
|
|
HDL Cholesterol Level |
HDL Cholesterol Category |
|
Less than 40 mg/dL |
A major risk
factor for heart disease |
|
40–59 mg/dL |
The higher,
the better |
| 60
mg/dL and above |
Considered
protective against heart disease |
(
Courtesy: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ )
Thyroid:
While not part of the standard blood panel, I
often order thyroid tests for my patients, especially if they report fatigue and
weight gain, or weight loss and feelings of nervousness or hyperactivity. Some
physicians dismiss borderline low or high tests, but I’ve found that these can
be very helpful for identifying problems with the thyroid gland. Here are the
ranges I look for in thyroid tests:
| |
Test |
Normal Range |
| • |
Thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH) |
0.3 to 3 |
| • |
Total T4 (total thyroxine) |
4.5 to 12.5 |
| • |
Free T4 (free thyroxine) |
0.7 to 2.0 |
| • |
Total T3 (total
triiodothyronine) |
80 to 220 |
| • |
Free T3 (free
triiodothyronine) |
2.3 to 4.2 |
If your test shows you are below the minimum
numbers, you may be suffering from hypothyroidism, or low thyroid. If your
scores are above the normal range, you may have an overly active thyroid, or
hyperthyroidism. In either case, your physician can advise you on appropriate
medication. You may also want to read my earlier newsletter on thyroid issues.
Vitamin D: Normal range: 30 to
74 ng/mL
Regular readers know I often recommend
supplemental vitamin D, since deficiencies are very common. Too little vitamin D
can put you at risk for broken bones, heart disease, cancer, and a host of other
ailments. Our bodies can make vitamin D, but only when bare skin, free of
sunblock and lotions, is exposed to sunlight. And even then, people of color and
older individuals may not be able to manufacture sufficient quantities for
optimal health. The best way to determine if you need supplements is to have a
vitamin D test, known as 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Here again, doctors don’t always
agree on how to interpret the results. My own preference is to see readings in
the normal range.
More Tests & ranges for blood
tests
Units
Ions and trace metals
Included here are also related binding proteins,
like ferritin
and
transferrin for iron, and
ceruloplasmin for copper.
| Test |
Lower limit |
Upper limit |
Unit |
Comments |
|
Sodium
(Na) |
135,[6]
137[7][3] |
145,[7][3]
147[6] |
mmol/L or mEq/L[6] |
|
| 310,[8]
320[8] |
330,[8]
340[8] |
mg/dl |
|
Potassium (K) |
3.5,[6][3]
3.6[7] |
5.0,[6][7][3]
5.1 |
mmol/L or mEq/L[6] |
See
hypokalemia
or
hyperkalemia |
| 14[9] |
20[9] |
mg/dl |
|
Chloride (Cl) |
95,[6]
98,[10]
100[3] |
105,[6]
106,[10]
110[3] |
mmol/L or mEq/L[6] |
|
| 340[11] |
370[11] |
mg/dl |
| Ionized
calcium
(Ca) |
1.03,
1.10[3] |
1.23,
1.30[3] |
mmol/L |
| 4.1,[13]
4.4[13] |
4.9,[13]
5.2[13] |
mg/dL |
| Total calcium (Ca) |
2.1,[6][14]
2.2[3] |
2.5,[14][3]
2.6,[14]
2.8[6] |
mmol/L |
| 8.4,[6]
8.5[15] |
10.2,[6]
10.5[15] |
mg/dL |
| Total
serum iron (TSI) - male |
65,[16]
76[7] |
176,[16]
198[7] |
µg/dL |
| 11.6,[17][18]
13.6[18] |
30,[17]
32,[18]
35[18] |
μmol/L |
| Total serum iron (TSI) -
female |
26,[7]
50[16] |
170[7][16] |
µg/dL |
| 4.6,[18]
8.9[17] |
30.4[17] |
μmol/L |
| Total serum iron (TSI) -
newborns |
100[16] |
250[16] |
µg/dL |
| 18[18] |
45[18] |
µmol/L |
| Total serum iron (TSI) -
children |
50[16] |
120[16] |
µg/dL |
| 9[18] |
21[18] |
µmol/L |
|
Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) |
240,[16]
262[7] |
450,[16]
474[7] |
μg/dL |
| 43,[18]
47[18] |
81,[18]
85[18] |
µmol/L |
|
Transferrin |
190,[19]
194,[3]
204[7] |
326,[3]
330,[19]
360[7] |
mg/dL |
|
| 25[20] |
45[20] |
μmol/L |
|
Transferrin saturation |
20[16] |
50[16] |
% |
|
|
Ferritin - Male |
12[21] |
300[21] |
ng/mL |
|
| 27[22] |
670[22] |
pmol/L |
| Ferritin - Female |
12[21] |
150[21] |
ng/mL |
|
| 27[22] |
330[22] |
pmol/L |
|
Ammonia |
10,[23]
20[24] |
35,[23]
65[24] |
μmol/L |
|
| 17,[25]
34[25] |
60,[25]
110[25] |
μg/dL |
|
Copper |
70[15] |
150[15] |
µg/dL |
|
| 11[26] |
24[26] |
μmol/L |
|
|
Ceruloplasmin |
15[15] |
60[15] |
mg/dL |
|
| 1[27] |
4[27] |
μmol/L |
|
|
Phosphate (HPO42−) |
0.8 |
1.5[28] |
mmol/L |
| Inorganic
phosphorus (serum) |
1.0[6] |
1.5[6] |
mmol/L |
| 3.0[6] |
4.5[6] |
mg/dL |
|
Copper
(Cu) |
11[29] |
24 |
μmol/L |
|
Zinc (Zn) |
60,[30]
72[31] |
110,[31]
130[30] |
μg/dL |
| 9.2,[32]
11[3] |
17,[3]
20[32] |
µmol/L |
|
Magnesium |
1.5,[15]
1.7[33] |
2.0,[15]
2.3[33] |
mEq/L or mg/dL |
| 0.6,[34]
0.7[3] |
0.82,[34]
0.95[3] |
mmol/L |
Acid-base and blood
gases
If
arterial/venous
is not specified for an acid-base or blood gas value, then it generally refers
to arterial, and not venous which otherwise is standard for other blood tests.
Acid-base and blood gases are among the few
blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and
venous values.[4]
Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of
inter-method reliability between arterial and venous tests, so arterial and
venous values are roughly equivalent for these.[35]
| Test |
Arterial/Venous |
Lower limit |
Upper limit |
Unit |
Comments |
|
pH |
Arterial |
7.34,[7]
7.35[6] |
7.44,[7]
7.45[6] |
|
| Venous |
7.31[36] |
7.41[36] |
| [H+] |
Arterial |
36[6] |
44[6] |
nmol/L |
| 3.6[37] |
4.4[37] |
ng/dL |
|
Base excess |
Arterial & venous[36] |
-3[36] |
+3[36] |
mEq/L |
|
oxygen partial pressure (pO2) |
Arterial pO2 |
10,[6]
11[38] |
13,[38]
14[6] |
kPa |
| 75,[6][7]
83[15] |
100,[7]
105[6] |
mmHg or
torr |
| Venous |
4.0[38] |
5.3[38] |
kPa |
| 30[36] |
40[36] |
mmHg or torr |
|
Oxygen saturation |
Arterial |
94,[36]
95,[10]
96[15] |
100[10][15] |
% |
| Venous |
Approximately 75[10] |
|
Carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2) |
Arterial PaCO2 |
4.4,[6]
4.7[38] |
5.9,[6]
6.0[38] |
kPa |
|
| 33,[6]
35[7] |
44,[6]
45[7] |
mmHg or torr |
| Venous |
5.5[38] |
6.8[38] |
kPa |
| 41[36] |
51[36] |
mmHg or torr |
| Absolute content of
carbon dioxide (CO2) |
Arterial |
23[36] |
30[36] |
mmol/L |
| 100[39] |
132[39] |
mg/dL |
|
Bicarbonate (HCO3-) |
Arterial & venous |
18[15] |
23[15] |
mmol/L |
|
| 110[40] |
140[40] |
mg/dL |
|
Standard bicarbonate (SBCe) |
Arterial & venous |
21, 22[6] |
27, 28[6] |
mmol/L or mEq/L[6] |
| 134[40] |
170[40] |
mg/dL |
Liver
function
| Test |
Patient type |
Lower limit |
Upper limit |
Unit |
Comments |
|
Total Protein |
|
60,[6]
63[7] |
78,[6]
82,[7]
84[15] |
g/L |
see
hypoproteinemia |
|
Albumin |
|
35[6][41] |
48,[7]
55[6] |
g/L |
see
hypoalbuminemia |
| 3.5[7] |
4.8,[7]
5.5[6] |
U/L |
|
| 540[42] |
740[42] |
μmol/L |
|
Globulins |
|
23[6] |
35[6] |
g/L |
|
| Total
Bilirubin |
|
1.7,[43]
2,[6]
3.4,[43]
5[3] |
17,[6][43]
22,[43]
25[3] |
μmol/L |
|
| 0.1,[6]
0.2,[7]
0.29[44] |
1.0,[6][15]
1.3,[7]
1.4[44] |
mg/dL |
| Direct/Conjugated Bilirubin |
|
0.0[6]
or N/A[3] |
5,[6]
7[43][3] |
μmol/L |
|
| 0[6][7] |
0.3,[6][7]
0.4[15] |
mg/dL |
|
Alanine transaminase (ALT/ALAT[3]) |
|
5,[45]
7,[7]
8[6] |
20,[6]
21,[10]
56[7] |
U/L |
Also called serum
glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) |
| Female |
0.15[3] |
0.75[3] |
µkat/L |
| Male |
0.15[3] |
1.1[3] |
|
Aspartate transaminase (AST/ASAT[3]) |
Female |
6[46] |
34[46] |
IU/L |
Also called
serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) |
| 0.25[3] |
0.60[3] |
µkat/L |
| Male |
8[46] |
40[46] |
IU/L |
| 0.25[3] |
0.75[3] |
µkat/L |
|
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) |
Female |
42[45] |
98[45] |
U/L |
|
| Male |
53[45] |
128[45] |
|
| (Enzyme
activity) |
0.6[3] |
1.8[3] |
µkat/L |
|
Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) |
|
5,[45]
8[7] |
40,[45]
78[7] |
U/L |
|
| Women |
|
0.63[47] |
µkat/L |
| Men |
|
0.92[47] |
µkat/L |
Cardiac tests
Lipids
| Test |
Patient type |
Lower limit |
Upper limit |
Unit |
Therapeutic target |
|
Triglycerides |
10 – 39 years |
54[15] |
110[15] |
mg/dL |
< 100 mg/dL[56]
or 1.1[56]
mmol/L |
| 0.61[57] |
1.2[57] |
mmol/L |
| 40 – 59 years |
70[15] |
150[15] |
mg/dL |
| 0.77[57] |
1.7[57] |
mmol/L |
| > 60 years |
80[15] |
150[15] |
mg/dL |
| 0.9[57] |
1.7[57] |
mmol/L |
| Total
cholesterol |
|
3.0,[58]
3.6[6][58] |
5.0,[3][59]
6.5[6] |
mmol/L |
< 3.9[56] |
| 120,[7]
140[6] |
200,[7]
250[6] |
mg/dL |
< 150[56] |
|
HDL cholesterol |
female |
1.0,[60]
1.2,[3]
1.3[58] |
2.2[60] |
mmol/L |
> 1.0[60]
or 1.6[58]
mmol/L
> 40[61]
or 60[62]
mg/dL |
| 40,[61]
50[63] |
86[61] |
mg/dL |
| HDL cholesterol |
male |
0.9[60][3] |
2.0[60] |
mmol/L |
| 35[61] |
80[61] |
mg/dL |
LDL cholesterol
(Not valid when
triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L) |
|
2.0,[60]
2.4[59] |
3.0,[59][3]
3.4[60] |
mmol/L |
< 2.5[60] |
| 80,[61]
94[61] |
120,[61]
130[61] |
mg/dL |
< 100[61] |
| LDL/HDL quotient |
|
n/a |
5[3] |
(unitless) |
Tumour markers
Endocrinology
Thyroid
hormones
| Test |
Patient type |
Lower limit |
Upper limit |
Unit |
Thyroid stimulating hormone
(TSH or thyrotropin) |
Adults -
standard range |
0.3,[3]
0.4,[7]
0.5,[15]
0.6[69] |
4.0,[3]
4.5,[7]
6.0[15] |
mIU/L or μIU/mL |
Adults -
optimal range |
0.3,[70]
0.5[71] |
2.0,[71]
3.0[70] |
mIU/L or μIU/mL |
|
Infants |
1.3[72] |
19[72] |
mIU/L or μIU/mL |
Free
thyroxine (FT4)
|
Normal adult |
0.7,[73]
0.8[7] |
1.4,[73]
1.5,[7]
1.8[74] |
ng/dL |
| 9,[75][3]
10,[76]
12[77] |
18,[3][75]
23[77] |
pmol/L |
Child/Adolescent
31 d - 18 y |
0.8[73] |
2.0[73] |
ng/dL |
| 10[75] |
26[75] |
pmol/L |
| Pregnant |
0.5[73] |
1.0[73] |
ng/dL |
| 6.5[75] |
13[75] |
pmol/L |
| Total thyroxine |
|
4,[76]
5.5[7] |
11,[76]
12.3[7] |
μg/dL |
| 60[76][77] |
140,[76]
160[77] |
nmol/L |
| Free
triiodothyronine (FT3) |
Normal adult |
0.2[76] |
0.5[76] |
ng/dL |
| 3.1[78] |
7.7[78] |
pmol/L |
| Children 2-16 y |
0.1[79] |
0.6[79] |
ng/dL |
| 1.5[78] |
9.2[78] |
pmol/L |
| Total
triiodothyronine |
|
60,[7]
75[76] |
175,[76]
181[7] |
ng/dL |
| 0.9,[3]
1.1[76] |
2.5,[3]
2.7[76] |
nmol/L |
|
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) |
|
12[7] |
30[7] |
mg/L |
|
Thyroglobulin (Tg) |
|
1.5[76] |
30[76] |
pmol/L |
| 1[76] |
20[76] |
μg/L |
Sex hormones
| Test |
Patient type |
Lower limit |
Upper limit |
Unit |
|
Dihydrotestosterone |
adult male |
30[81] |
85[81] |
ng/dL |
|
Testosterone |
Male, overall |
8,[82]
10[83] |
27,[82]
35[83] |
nmol/L |
| 230,[84]
300[85] |
780[84]
- 1000[85] |
ng/dL |
| Male < 50 years |
10[3] |
45[3] |
nmol/L |
| 290[84] |
1300[84] |
ng/dL |
| Male > 50 years |
6.2[3] |
26[3] |
nmol/L |
| 180[84] |
740[84] |
ng/dL |
| Female |
0.7[83] |
2.8[83]
- 3.0[3] |
nmol/L |
| 20[85] |
80[85]
- 85[84] |
ng/dL |
|
17-Hydroxyprogesterone |
male |
0.06[15] |
3.0[15] |
mg/L |
| 0.18[86] |
9.1[86] |
µmol/l |
| Female (Follicular phase) |
0.2[15] |
1.0[15] |
mg/L |
| 0.6[86] |
3.0[86] |
µmol/l |
Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)
|
Prepubertal |
<1[87] |
3[87] |
IU/L |
| Adult male |
1[87] |
8[87] |
Adult female (follicular
and
luteal phase) |
1[87] |
11[87] |
| Adult female (Ovulation) |
6[87]
95%
PI (standard) |
26[87]
95% PI) |
5[88]
90%
PI (used in diagram) |
15[88]
(90% PI) |
| Post-menopausal female |
30[87] |
118[87] |
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
|
Female, peak |
20[88]
90%
PI (used in diagram) |
75[88]
(90% PI) |
IU/L |
| Female, post-menopausal |
15[89] |
60[89] |
| Male aged 18+ |
2[90] |
9[90] |
Estradiol
(an
estrogen)
|
Adult male |
50[91] |
200[91] |
pmol/L |
| 14[92] |
55[92] |
pg/mL |
Adult female (day 5 of
follicular phase,
and
luteal phase) |
70[91] |
500,[91]
600[91] |
pmol/L |
| 19[92] |
140,[92]
160[92] |
pg/mL |
| Adult female - free (not
protein bound) |
0.5[93] |
9[93] |
pg/mL |
| 1.7[93] |
33[93] |
pmol/L |
| Post-menopausal female |
N/A[91] |
< 130[91] |
pmol/L |
| N/A[92] |
< 35[92] |
pg/mL |
Progesterone
|
Female in mid-luteal
phase (day 21-23) |
17,[88]
35[94] |
92[94] |
nmol/L |
| 6,[88]
11[95] |
29[95] |
ng/mL |
|
Androstenedione |
Adult male and female |
60[89] |
270[89] |
ng/dL |
| Post-menopausal female |
|
< 180[89] |
| Prepubertal |
|
< 60[89] |
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
-more detailed ranges
in
DHEA-S article
|
Adult male and female |
30[96] |
400[96] |
µg/dL |
SHBG
-more detailed ranges
in
SHBG article
|
Adult female |
40[97] |
120[97] |
nmol/L |
| Adult male |
20[97] |
60[97] |
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)
-more detailed ranges in
AMH article
|
13–45 years |
0.7[98] |
20[98] |
ng/mL |
[edit]
Other hormones
| Test |
Patient type |
Lower limit |
Upper limit |
Unit |
|
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
|
4.4[99] |
18,[100]
22[99] |
pmol/L |
| 20[7] |
80,[101]
100[7] |
pg/mL |
|
Cortisol |
09:00
am |
140[102] |
700[102] |
nmol/L |
| 5[103] |
25[103] |
μg/dL |
| Midnight |
80[102] |
350[102] |
nmol/L |
| 2.9[103] |
13[103] |
μg/dL |
|
Growth hormone (fasting) |
|
0 |
5[6] |
ng/mL |
|
Growth hormone (arginine
stimulation) |
|
7[6] |
n/a |
ng/mL |
IGF-1
-more detailed ranges in
IGF-1 article
|
Female, 20 yrs |
110[104] |
420[104] |
ng/mL |
| Female, 75 yrs |
55[104] |
220[104] |
| Male, 20 yrs |
160[104] |
390[104] |
| Male, 75 yrs |
48[104] |
200[104] |
Prolactin
|
Female |
71,[105]
105[105] |
348,[105]
548[105] |
mIU/L |
| 3.4,[105]
3.9[105] |
16.4,[105]
20.3[105] |
µg/L |
| Male |
58,[105]
89[105] |
277,[105]
365[105] |
mIU/L |
| 2.7,[105]
3.3[105] |
13.0,[105]
13.5[105] |
µg/L |
|
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
|
10,[106]
17[107] |
65,[106]
70[107] |
pg/mL |
| |
1.1,[3]
1.8[108] |
6.9,[3]
7.5[108] |
pmol/L |
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a
vitamin D)
-Standard
reference range |
|
8,[15][109]
9[109] |
40,[109]
80[15] |
ng/mL |
| 20,[110]
23[111] |
95,[111]
150[110] |
nmol/L |
25-hydroxycholecalciferol
-Therapeutic
target range |
|
30,[112]
40[113] |
65,[113]
100[112] |
ng/mL |
| 85,[56]
100[113] |
120,[56]
160[113] |
nmol/L |
|
Plasma renin activity |
|
0.29,[114]
1.9[115] |
3.7[114][115] |
ng/(mL*hour) |
| |
3.3,[116]
21[117] |
41[116][117] |
mcU/mL |
Aldosterone
|
Adult |
|
19,[116]
34.0[116] |
ng/dL |
| |
530,[118]
940[118] |
pmol/L |
Aldosterone-to-renin ratio
|
Adult |
|
13.1,[119]
35.0[119] |
ng/dl per ng/(mL·h) |
| |
360,[119]
970[119] |
pmol/liter per µg/(L·h) |
[edit]
Vitamins
Also including the vitamin B12)-related
enzyme
homocysteine.
| Test |
Patient type |
Standard range |
Unit |
Optimal range |
| Lower limit |
Upper limit |
Lower limit |
Upper limit |
|
Vitamin A |
|
30[15] |
65[15] |
µg/dL |
|
|
Vitamin B9
(Folic acid/Folate) - Serum |
Age > 1year |
3.0[120] |
16[120] |
ng/mL or μg/L |
5[121] |
|
| 6.8[122] |
36[122] |
nmol/l |
11[122] |
|
Vitamin B9
(Folic acid/Folate) -
Red blood cells |
|
200[120] |
600[120] |
ng/mL or μg/L |
|
|
| |
450[122] |
1400[122] |
nmol/L |
|
|
| Pregnant |
|
|
ng/mL or μg/L |
400[120] |
|
| |
|
nmol/L |
900[120] |
|
|
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) |
|
130,[123]
160[124] |
700,[123]
950[124] |
ng/L |
|
|
| |
100,[125]
120[3] |
520,[125]
700[3] |
pmol/L |
|
|
Homocysteine
|
|
3.3,[126]
5.9[126] |
7.2,[126]
15.3[126] |
μmol/L |
|
6.3[56] |
| |
45,[127]
80[127] |
100,[127]
210[127] |
μg/dL |
|
85[56] |
|
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) |
|
0.4[15] |
1.5[15] |
mg/dL |
0.9[56] |
|
| 23[128] |
85[128] |
μmol/L |
50[56] |
|
|
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a
vitamin D) |
|
8,[15][109]
9[109] |
40,[109]
80[15] |
ng/mL |
30,[112]
40[113] |
65,[113]
100[112] |
| 20,[110]
23[111] |
95,[111]
150[110] |
nmol/L |
85,[56]
100[113] |
120,[56]
160[113] |
|
Vitamin E |
|
|
|
μmol/L |
28[56] |
|
| |
|
mg/dL |
1.2[56] |
|
[edit]
Toxins
[edit]
Hematology
[edit]
Red blood cells
These values (except Hemoglobin in plasma)
are for total blood and not only blood plasma.
| Test |
Patient |
Lower limit |
Upper limit |
Unit |
Comments |
|
Hemoglobin (Hb) |
male |
2.0,[131]
2.1[6] |
2.5,[131]
2.7[6] |
mmol/L |
Higher in
neonates, lower in children. |
| 130,[3]
132,[7]
135[6] |
162,[7]
170,[3]
175[6] |
g/L |
| female |
1.8,[131]
1.9[6] |
2.3,[131]
2.5[6][131] |
mmol/L |
Sex difference negligible
until adulthood. |
| 120[3][6][7] |
150,[3]
152,[7]
160[6][15] |
g/L |
|
Hemoglobin in plasma |
|
0.16[6] |
0.62[6] |
μmol/L |
Normally diminutive
compared with inside red blood cells |
| |
1 |
4 |
mg/dL |
|
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) |
< 50 years |
3.6[3] |
5.0[3] |
% of Hb |
|
| > 50 years |
3.9[3] |
5.3[3] |
|
Haptoglobin |
< 50 years |
0.35[3] |
1.9[3] |
g/L |
| > 50 years |
0.47[3] |
2.1[3] |
|
Hematocrit (Hct) |
male |
0.39,[3]
0.4,[7]
0.41,[6]
0.45[15] |
0.50,[3]
0.52,[7]
0.53,[6]
0.62[15] |
|
|
| female |
0.35,[3]
0.36,[6]
0.37[7][15] |
0.46,[6][7][3]
0.48[15] |
|
|
| Child |
0.31[7] |
0.43[7] |
|
|
|
Mean cell volume (MCV) |
Male |
76,[15]
82[7] |
100,[15]
102[7] |
fL |
Cells are larger in
neonates, though smaller in other children. |
| Female |
78[7] |
101[7] |
fL |
|
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) |
|
11.5[7] |
14.5[7] |
% |
|
|
Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) |
|
0.39[6] |
0.54[6] |
fmol/cell |
| 25,[6]
27[15][3] |
32,[15]
33,[3]
35[6] |
pg/cell |
|
|
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) |
|
31,[7]
32[15][3] |
35,[7]
36[15][3] |
g/dL or %[note
1] |
| |
4.8,[132]
5.0[132] |
5.4,[132]
5.6[132] |
mmol/L |
| Erythrocytes/Red
blood cells (RBC) |
male |
4.2,[15]
4.3[6][7][3] |
5.7,[3]
5.9,[6]
6.2,[7]
6.9[15] |
x1012/L
or
mln/mm3 |
|
| Female |
3.5,[6]
3.8,[7]
3.9[3] |
5.1,[3]
5.5[6][7] |
|
| Infant/Child |
3.8[7] |
5.5[7] |
|
|
Reticulocytes |
Adult |
26[3] |
130[3] |
x109/L |
|
| Adult |
0.5[6][7] |
1.5[6][7] |
% of RBC |
|
| Newborn |
1.1[7] |
4.5[7] |
% of RBC |
|
| Infant |
0.5[7] |
3.1[7] |
% of RBC |
|
[edit]
White blood cells
These values are for total blood and not only
blood plasma.
| Test |
Patient type |
Lower limit |
Upper limit |
Unit |
|
White Blood Cell Count (WBC) |
Adult |
3.5,[3]
3.9,[133]
4.1,[7]
4.5[6] |
9.0,[3]
10.0,[133]
10.9,[7]
11[6] |
- x109/L
- x103/mm3 or
- x103/μL
|
| Newborn |
9[134] |
30[134] |
| 1 year old |
6[134] |
18[134] |
Neutrophil granulocytes
(A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs) |
Adult |
1.3,[3]
1.8,[133]
2[134] |
5.4,[3]
7,[133]
8[134] |
x109/L |
| 45-54[6] |
62,[6]
74 |
% of WBC |
| Newborn |
6[134] |
26[134] |
x109/L |
| Neutrophilic
band
forms |
Adult |
|
0.7[134] |
x109/L |
| 3[6] |
5[6] |
% of WBC |
|
Lymphocytes |
Adult |
0.7,[3]
1.0[133][134] |
3.5,[133]
3.9,[3]
4.8[134] |
x109/L |
| 16-25[6] |
33,[6]
45 |
% of WBC |
| Newborn |
2[134] |
11[134] |
x109/L |
|
Monocytes |
Adult |
0.1,[3]
0.2[135][123] |
0.8[123][134][3] |
x109/L |
| 3,[6]
4.0 |
7,[6]
10 |
% of WBC |
| Newborn |
0.4[134] |
3.1[134] |
x109/L |
Mononuclear leukocytes
(Lymphocytes + monocytes) |
Adult |
1.5 |
5 |
x109/L |
| 20 |
35 |
% of WBC |
|
CD4+ cells |
Adult |
0.4,[7]
0.5[10] |
1.5,[10]
1.8[7] |
x109/L |
|
Eosinophil granulocytes |
Adult |
0.0,[3]
0.04[123] |
0.44,[123]
0.45,[134]
0.5[3] |
x109/L |
| 1[6] |
3,[6]
7 |
% of WBC |
| Newborn |
0.02[134] |
0.85[134] |
x109/L |
|
Basophil granulocytes |
Adult |
40[133] |
100,[123][3]
200,[134]
900[133] |
x106/L |
| 0.0 |
0.75,[6]
2 |
% of WBC |
| Newborn |
|
0.64[134] |
x109/L |
[edit]
Coagulation
| Test |
Lower limit |
Upper limit |
Unit |
Comments |
| Thrombocyte/Platelet
count (Plt) |
140,[7]
150[6][3] |
350,[15][3]
400,[6]
450[7] |
x109/L or
x1000/µL |
|
Mean platelet volume (MPV) |
7.4[136] |
10.4[136] |
fL |
|
Prothrombin time (PT) |
10,[10]
11,[6][137]
12[7] |
13,[10]
13.5,[137]
14,[7]
15[6] |
s |
PT reference varies between laboratory
kits - INR is standardised |
|
INR |
0.9[3] |
1.2[3] |
|
The INR is a corrected ratio of a
patient's PT to normal |
|
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) |
18,[7]
30[10][3] |
28,[7]
42,[3]
45[10] |
s |
|
|
Thrombin clotting time (TCT) |
11 |
18 |
s |
|
|
Fibrinogen |
1.7,[7]
2.0[3] |
3.6,[3]
4.2[7] |
g/L |
|
|
Antithrombin |
0.80[3] |
1.2[3] |
kIU/L |
|
Bleeding time |
2 |
9 |
minutes |
|
|
Viscosity |
1.5[138] |
1.72[138] |
cP |
|
[edit]
Immunology
[edit]
Acute phase proteins
Acute phase proteins are markers of
inflammation.
[edit]
Isotypes of antibodies
[edit]
Autoantibodies
Autoantibodies are usually absent or very low,
so instead of being given in standard reference ranges, the values usually
denote where they are said to be present, or whether the test is a
positive test. There may also be an equivocal interval, where it is
uncertain whether there is a significantly increased level. All included values[148]
are given for the
ELISA test.
[edit]
Other enzymes and
proteins
| Test |
Lower limit |
Upper limit |
Unit |
Comments |
|
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) |
50[15] |
150[15] |
U/L |
|
| 0.4[45] |
1.7[45] |
μmol/L |
|
| 1.8[3] |
3.4[3] |
µkat/L |
< 70 years old[3] |
|
Amylase |
25,[6]
30,[7]
53[15] |
110,[7]
120,[150]
123,[15]
125,[6]
190[45] |
U/L |
|
| 0.15[3] |
1.1[3] |
µkat/L |
|
| 200[143] |
240[143] |
nmol/L |
|
D-dimer |
n/a |
500[151] |
ng/mL |
Higher in pregnant women[152] |
| 0.5[3] |
mg/L |
|
Lipase |
7,[7]
10,[15]
23[45] |
60,[7]
150,[15]
208[45] |
U/L |
|
|
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) |
23[45] |
57[45] |
U/L |
|
|
Acid phosphatase |
|
3.0[45] |
ng/mL |
|
|
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) |
2.3[3] |
16[3] |
µg/L |
[edit]
Other
electrolytes and metabolites
Electrolytes and
Metabolites:
For iron and copper, some related proteins are also included.
| Test |
Patient type |
Lower limit |
Upper limit |
Unit |
Comments |
|
Osmolality |
|
275,[6]
280,[15]
281[3] |
295,[6]
296,[15]
297[3] |
mOsm/kg |
Plasma weight excludes solutes |
|
Osmolarity |
|
Slightly less than
osmolality |
mOsm/l |
Plasma volume includes solutes |
|
Urea |
|
3.0[153] |
7.0[153] |
mmol/L |
BUN -
blood urea nitrogen |
| 7[6] |
18,[6]
21[7] |
mg/dL |
| *
Uric
acid[7] |
|
0.18[6] |
0.48[6] |
mmol/L |
|
| Female |
2.0[15] |
7.0[15] |
mg/dL |
|
| Male |
2.1[15] |
8.5[15] |
mg/dL |
|
|
Creatinine |
male |
60,[3]
68[154] |
90,[3]
118[154] |
μmol/L |
May be complemented with
creatinine clearance |
| 0.7,[155]
0.8[155] |
1.0,[155]
1.3[155] |
mg/dL |
| female |
50,[3]
68[154] |
90,[3]
98[154] |
μmol/L |
| 0.6,[155]
0.8[155] |
1.0,[155]
1.1[155] |
mg/dL |
| BUN/Creatinine Ratio |
|
5[15] |
35[15] |
- |
| Plasma
glucose (fasting) |
|
3.8,[6]
4.0[3] |
6.0,[3]
6.1[156] |
mmol/L |
See also
glycosylated hemoglobin (in hematology) |
| 65,[7]
70,[6]
72[157] |
100,[156]
110[15] |
mg/dL |
| Full blood glucose
(fasting) |
|
3.3[3] |
5.6[3] |
mmol/L |
| 60[157] |
100[157] |
mg/dL |
|
Lactate (Venous) |
|
4.5[15] |
19.8[15] |
mg/dL |
|
| 0.5[158] |
2.2[158] |
mmol/L |
|
| Lactate (Arterial) |
|
4.5[15] |
14.4[15] |
mg/dL |
|
| 0.5[158] |
1.6[158] |
mmol/L |
|
|
Pyruvate |
|
300[15] |
900[15] |
μg/dL |
|
| 34[159] |
102[159] |
μmol/L |
[edit]
See also
( Courtesy: Wikkipedia )
Articles:
Related articles
| |
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